Goreme Open Air Museum

Nearby Mount Erciyes volcano erupted thousands of years ago. The landscape was covered in ash and lava that hardened into tufa rocks. Wind erosion gradually created the fairy chimneys we see today over many centuries. However, it didn’t take long for locals to realize they could carve rocks into houses and churches.

Cappadocia was a place of refuge for early Christians, who decorated it with symbols and art. The churches flourished also under the patronage of Saint Basil of Caesarea who was one of three Cappadocian Fathers that advanced early Christian theology.

While the 4th-century sanctuaries contain many Byzantine art examples, later structures have richer frescoes. They decorate walls and ceilings with Biblical scenes. Their primary purpose was to assist those who couldn't read and write.

The caves were used as pigeon sheds by locals when Ottoman rule was established in Cappadocia. This was despite their historical significance. To restore the frescoes back to their original condition, it took many historians years. Most frescoes are part of the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1984. They date back to the 9th through the 12th centuries.

Goreme Open Museum: Well-Known Churches

Tokali Church of the Buckle - This church contains 9 th-century frescoes that depict the life of Jesus and the 12 apostles. It contains four chambers, one of which focuses on New Testament scenes and the life and times St Basil.

Elmali - Apple Church : This equally important structure was built in around 1050 and features a Greek cross that has been carved into the pillars supporting the central dome. It depicts, among other Biblical scenes, The Last Supper.

The 11th century Barbara Church is in honour of a martyr called Barbara who was killed by her father for practising Christianity.

Yilanli - Snake Church : This church is named after a fresco depicting George killing the dragon. It has a low ceiling, and a long nave.

Carikli: Sandals Church : The name derives from the two footprints found at the bottom the Ascension fresco. The wall frescoes show a variety of themes including the Nativity, the Crucifixion and the Baptism as well as the Magi Adoration.